Wednesday, April 30, 2008

HUT Senam Ria Bambu Apus Bekerja Sama Dengan FORKABI











Pada tanggal 18 April 2008 lalu, Kelompok Senam Ria Kelurahan Bambu Apus Jakarta Timur mengadakan ulang tahunnya yang ke - 6, kebetulan pada hari itu salah satu ormas terbesar di Jakarta juga berulang tahun pada hari yang sama terjadilah kolaborasi yang cukup manis untuk merayakan ulang tahun mereka.

Hut tersebut cukup meriah, walaupun tanpa perencanaan dan semua pihak dengan suka rela menyumbangkan apa saja yang bisa mereka bisa sumbangkan baik itu tenaga, pikiran dan juga materi. Semua terjadi dan terkumpul tanpa proposal atau hal sejenisnya, karena mereka sadar bahwa hal yang positif patut mendapatkan dukungan.

Sebelumnya juga pada 1 Muharram yang lalu pun terjadi kolaborasi yang cukup bagus antara Ibu-ibu Majlis Ta'lim disekitar Bambu Apus dengan FORKABI dalam acara santunan anak Yatim dan Janda Miskin.

Bisa anda bayangkan dikota Jakarta yang besar ini masih adanya kekompakan antara warga, jadi anggapan orang kota adalah individual tidak sepenuhnya benar. Mereka hanya butuh sarana, dengan begitu hubungan antar warga dapat tetap terjalin.

Tuesday, April 22, 2008

Petunjuk nyari helm full-face yang pas

Ini contekan dari forum sebelah tulisan orang yang pernah kerja di dealer Motor supplier Arai.

1. Jangan liat harganya dulu. Paling penting helmnya pas dan udah ada standar (minimal DOT, lebih bagus lagi Snell, dua lembaga ini punya logo yg khas yg banyak ditiru2 ditempel di helm2 lokal, sobat kudu ati2). Kalau yang pas di kepala merek Arai (biasanya paling mahal) berarti ini helm dengan perlindungan terbaik, kalau yang pas HJC (lebih murah) berarti helm ini yg the best. Untuk pengetesan ini jangan mengancingkan tali helm. Kalo kamu biasa pake kacamata atau cengdem waktu naik motor jangan lupa pake kacamatanya selagi ngetes helm. Sebagai catatan Arai pernah ngadain seminar dan ternyata 60% peserta yg hadir selama ini memakai helm yang terlalu besar.


2. Pertama2 pilih ukuran yang dirasa paling mendekati. Ya kalau berasa punya kepala gede kan nggak perlu coba ukuran XS dulu, kira2 aja deh. Untuk ngetes helm buat sobat yg punya banyak tindikan kuping atau rambut tebel akan lebih memudahkan kalau pake helmet liner, itu tuh yang mirip topeng bandit.
Coba angkat helm ke atas kepala dengan memegang talinya. Pakai helm dan kepala harus bisa masuk helm dengan usaha, tapi usahanya nggak maksa sampai kuping kamu terasa mau ketarik copot dari kepala. Kalau helmnya muat Cuma dengan sedikit atau tanpa usaha, coba lagi satu ukuran lebih kecil.

3. Buka kaca helm. (Kalau ngetes helm flip-up, buka HANYA kaca helmnya.) Sekarang gerak2in sedikit helmnya berputar sekitar kepala. Minta bantuan temen atau lihat di kaca saat kamu melakukan ini. Kulit kepala dan alis kamu harus ikut bergerak bareng dengan busa helm. Kalau ngga gerak artinya helm kegedean dan coba satu ukuran lebih kecil, atau bisa coba helm merek lain dari ukuran yang sama terus ulangi lagi langkah #2. Kalau kulit kepala kamu ikut gerak, tutup mata dan rasakan gimana busa helm di bagian atas kepala. Kamu mesti merasakan tekanan yang cukup pada seluruh bagiannya, seperti rasanya kalo kita menjabat tangan orang lain dengan pas. Jangan ada bagian yang menekan kencang cuma pada dahi atau kuping, misalnya. Beberapa helm memang ada yang neken pipi bikin kamu berasa tembem dan mulut agak manyun, tapi ini nggak apa karena busa akan memadat seiring pemakaiannya. Sebab itu sedikit ketat adalah baik untuk helm baru daripada berasa pas dan udahannya jadi terlalu kendor sesudah dipake. Yang penting jangan neken cuma bagian tertentu di kepala bagian atas sebab kalau dipake lama yang begini ini akan bikin kepala pusing nyut2an. Kalo emang busa pipi bener2 dirasa ketebelan dan jadi pertimbangan utama kamu, ada kok pabrikan yang jual busa tipis.
Kalau sudah coba beberapa helm dan selalu merasa ada tekanan di jidat mungkin kamu tipe jenong, untuk ini bisa coba tipe tertentu dari Arai.

4. Sekarang tundukin kepala sampai dagu dekat ke dada (tali helm tetap lepas) pake satu tangan pegang bagian bawah belakang helm dan coba dorong ke arah atas. Helm yang baik dan pas nggak akan bisa lepas atau terangkat. Kalau ternyata bisa terangkat mending coba merek yang lain aja. Gunanya tes ini adalah menguji keamanan seandainya tali helm putus atau lupa dipake. Helm flip-up seringnya gagal disini, itu sebabnya nggak ada pembalap yang pakai helm flip-up.

5. Kalau kamu udah sampai langkah ke-5 ini, coba pake helmnya selama kamu di toko minimal 10 menit, lebih bagus lagi kalau bisa 30 menit. Jangan sampe kamu udah beli helm mahal2 ternyata helm yang kamu rasa pas malah jadi alat nyiksa setelah lebih dari 30 menit dipake. Jadi sembari lihat2 barang lainnya atau ngobrol sama yang punya toko pake aja tuh helmnya. Asal jangan sudah ngobrol sejam lebih tapi nggak beli2 ntar bisa dipanggilin satpam hahaha. Kalo ragu2 antara dua helm lebih baik kamu coba pake paling terakhir helm yang paling kamu suka sebelum beli.

Catetan penting
A) Helm yang sudah pernah jatuh apalagi bareng orangnya nyungsep ke aspal harus segera diganti.

B) JANGAN SEKALI-KALI make produk kertas (tissue dsb) untuk membersihkan kaca helm. Serat2 kayu halus akan membuat goresan2 mikro pada kaca helm yang makin parah seiring waktu. Pakai produk pembersih khusus plastic untuk membersihkan kaca helm. Hindari juga produk penolak air seperti Rain-x atau Windex karena mengandung ammonia yang membuat plastic jadi kuning dan mudah retak

Jangan salah....
Setau gw sticker "DOT" itu dikeluarkan atau ditempelkan oleh masing2 produsen helm BILA helm tersebut memang lulus dari test standard dari Department of Transportation (of USA) !!!

Sebenarnya kalo di luar negeri (US, Eropa, Japan, Korea, dll), produsen gak bakal 'nepu' untuk urusan DOT. Karena toh bila helm tsb akan masuk ke salah satu negara tsb, pihak Dept. of Transportation (negara tsb) akan meminta/mengambil beberapa unit (randomly) untuk di test lagi.
Jepang adalah salah satu negara yg mempunyai standard test paling tinggi untuk helm !!

Tapi parahnya disini (dan beberapa negara asia lainnya), ada produsen atau distributor yg menempelkan stiker DOT untuk keren2an doang dan untuk mendongkrak penjualan saja.

Snell..... adalah sebuah lembaga/yayasan independent yg mengurusi standarisasi helm (see : http://www.snellfoundation.org/) di USA.
Test yang dilakukan Snell lebih complicated dan menyeluruh... sehingga lebih mendukung helm dengan sticker "DOT". Jadi bisa dibilang, sebuah helm harus memiliki "DOT" dulu sebelum punya "SNELL" Smile
Test yang dilakukan Snell Foundation juga 2x. Pertama.... Snell meminta beberapa unit helm merek tsb (masing2 tipe) dari si produsen/distributor-nya (yg gw tau paling nggak minim ada 10 unit/tipe Shocked).
Kedua.... Snell akan mengambil lagi secara random/acak --> supaya produsen/distributor tersebut tidak bisa mengatur (ngambil yg bagus2 aja)... hehehe....

Tips Membersihkan Helm yang Baik dan Benar






  1. Visor/kaca helm dicuci hanya dgn menggunakan air dan sabun cair (sabun cuci tangan atau cuci piring juga boleh). Gosok menggunakan telapak tangan (tidak perlu pakai lap atau sikat!!) .Jangan menggunakan cairan kimia (alkohol, dll) !!! Keringkan dengan kain lap yg lembut & kering. Hindari menggunakan tissue
  2. Busa bagian dalam yg dapat dilepas juga dapat dicuci menggunakan sabun cair atau shampoo (mild soap/shampoo). Hindari menggunakan deterjen, karena dapat merusak lapisan perekat/lem. Juga bisa menimbulkan bau kurang sedap bila tidak dibilas dgn bersih. Jangan direndam terlalu lama! 5-10 menit sudah cukup lah... Kalo mau pake mesin cuci juga boleh, tapi mendingan pake kantong khusus mencuci
  3. Hindari sinar matahari langsung ketika mengeringkan. Trik lainnya bisa pakai hembusan hawa panas dari belakang AC di rumah
  4. Lapisan EPS/styrofoam bagian dalam cukup dibersihkan dengan lap dan sedikit air. Hindari menggunakan bahan kimia (alkohol, dll)
  5. Membersihkan batok/shell helm juga sama seperti membersihkan visor. Gunakan cotton bud atau sikat gigi kecil untuk membersihkan ventilasi helm
  6. Batok/shell helm juga boleh dipoles menggunakan wax atau cairan poles lainnya (Kit, Meguiars, dll)
  7. Bersihkan bagian ratchet/engsel/mekanisme kaca helm menggunakan minyak silikon (silicone oil/spray).
    Silicone oil juga berguna sebagai pelumas mekanisme yg bergerak.

Thursday, April 17, 2008

Kenapa Kita Perlu Helm yang Bagus?


Artikel ini dikeluarkan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Darat Departemen Perhubungan - Sub Direktorat Keselamatan Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan, dalam rangka kampanye "Sayang Kepala - Pilih, Pakai, Pasang Helm dengan Benar"
Mengapa Anda memerlukan helm sepeda motor dengan kualitas yang baik?

Helm sepeda motor yang kualitasnya memenuhi persyaratan merupakan perlengkapan yang penting bagi pengemudi sepeda motor. Pengendara sepeda motor yang tidak mengunakan helm atau yang mengunakan helm/topi proyek/plastik, jika mengalami kecelakaan akan mempunyai peluang luka otak tiga kali lebih parah dibanding mereka yang memakai helm kualitasnya yang memenuhi persyaratan.

Helm dengan kualitas yang baik harus dibuat khusus untuk pengendara sepeda motor. Bila helm ini diikat dengan benar, maka helm ini akan melindungi kepala dengan baik. Apabila terjadi benturan dengan benda yang tidak bergerak, helm akan menghambat/meredam benturan yang tertuju ke tengkorak dan otak.

Topi plastik “mainan” atau helm proyek tidak didesain untuk dipakai pengendara sepeda motor dan karenanya topi/helm ini tidak dapat melindungi kepala dan otak bila terjadi kecelakaan yang menimpa pengemudi sepeda motor.

Mengapa harus PILIH helm yang benar?

Tidak semua helm memenuhi persyaratan keamanan. Helm yang baik adalah helm yang menutupi kepala secara penuh (full fac) atau helm yang hanya terbuka pada bagian muka hingga rahang (open face).

Tipe Full Face memberi perlindungan yang lebih baik dari angin, debu, batu, dan serangga. Tipe ini juga memberi perlindungan lebih baik kepada rahang dan gigi.

Namun demikian tipe full face maupun open face harus memiliki 3 (tiga) lapisan:

1. Lapisan luar yang keras (hard outer shell)
Didesain untuk dapat pecah jika mengalami benturan untuk mengurangi dampak tekanan sebelum sampai ke
kepala. Lapisan ini biasanya terbuat dari bahan polycarbonate
.2. Lapisan dalam yang tebal (inside shell or liner)
Di sebelah dalam dari lapisan luar adalah lapisan yang sama pentingnya untuk dampak pelapis penyangga. Biasanya dibuat dari bahan polystyrene styrofoa). Lapisan tebal ini memberikan bantalan yang berfungsi menahan goncangan sewaktu helm terbentur benda keras, sementara kepala masih bergerak.

Sewaktu ada tabrakan yang membenturkan bagian kepala dengan benda keras, lapisan keras luar dan lapisan dalam helm meyebarkan tekanan ke seluruh materi helm. Helm tersebut mencegah adanya benturan yang dapat mematahkan tengkorak.

Benturan yang kuat memberi kemungkinan terhadap pecahnya helm dan membuat lapisan dalam rusak. Proses ini memberikan waktu ekstra, reduksi tekanan dan jarak kepada kepala/otak untuk lebih teredam. Ketika lapisan dalam terkoyak, dapat memberikan hambatan yang cukup terhadap menghambat kepala/otak dengan berhenti secara lebih perlahan/lembut, dibanding proses benturan keras yang terjadi terhadap kepala/otak tanpa mengunakan helm.

3. Lapisan dalam yang lunak (comfort padding)
Merupakan bagian dalam yang terdiri dari bahan lunak dan kain untuk menempatkan kepala secara pas dan tepat pada rongga helm.

Tali pengikat dagu
Selain itu, helm yang memenuhi persyaratan juga harus memiliki tali pengikat dagu (chin strap) yang kuat untuk menahan helm. Tujuannya adalah agar tetap dalam posisinya melindungi kepala ketika terjadi benturan. Tali pengikat dagu harus dilengkapi dengan pengunci yang dapat diatur untuk menahan helm sehingga tetap pada dudukannya di kepala.

Setiap kali memakai helm pastikan mengunci tali dengan benar

Friday, April 11, 2008

Mari Belajar Bahsa Inggris Bersama !!!

MARI BELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS BERSAMA

Verbs

What Are Verbs?

  • Verb Classification
    helping verbs: primary/modal
    main verbs: transitive/intransitive, linking, dynamic/stative, regular/irregular

Verb Forms

to sing, sing, sings, sang, sung, singing

Tenses
I sing, I am singing, I have sung, I have been singing, I sang, I was singing

Phrasal Verbs
put out, look after, get on with

Conditionals
if I win, if I won, if I had won

Modal Verbs
can, shall, must...

Gerunds (-ing)
fishing is fun, I hate working

Questions
Do you like me?, Why do you like me?, Do you like me or him?

Tag Questions
You like me, don't you?

Subjunctive
She insists that he come

Active Voice, Passive Voice

Cats eat mice, Mice are eaten by cats

Infinitive or -ing?
I like to do, I like doing

Plural Verbs with Singular Subjects
the company do, the company does

Verb Meanings with Continuous Tenses
Am I being silly?

Used to do / Be used to
I used to do it, I am not used to it

Going to
I am going to do it

Future Time
I will do it, I am going to do it, I am doing it, I do it

For & Since for Time
for two days, since 1st April

Verb Classification

We divide verbs into two broad classifications:

1. Helping Verbs

Imagine that a stranger walks into your room and says:

  • I can.
  • People must.
  • The Earth will.

Do you understand anything? Has this person communicated anything to you? Probably not! That's because these verbs are helping verbs and have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb. (The sentences in the above examples are therefore incomplete. They need at least a main verb to complete them.) There are only about 15 helping verbs.

2. Main Verbs

Now imagine that the same stranger walks into your room and says:

  • I teach.
  • People eat.
  • The Earth rotates.

Do you understand something? Has this person communicated something to you? Probably yes! Not a lot, but something. That's because these verbs are main verbs and have meaning on their own. They tell us something. Of course, there are thousands of main verbs.

In the following table we see example sentences with helping verbs and main verbs. Notice that all of these sentences have a main verb. Only some of them have a helping verb.

helping verb

main verb

John

likes

coffee.

You

lied

to me.

They

are

happy.

The children

are

playing.

We

must

go

now.

I

do

not

want

any.

Helping verbs and main verbs can be further sub-divided, as we shall see on the following pages.

Helping Verbs

Helping verbs are also called "auxiliary verbs".

Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb (which has the real meaning). There are only about 15 helping verbs in English, and we divide them into two basic groups:

Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)

These are the verbs be, do, and have. Note that we can use these three verbs as helping verbs or as main verbs. On this page we talk about them as helping verbs. We use them in the following cases:

  • be
    • to make continuous tenses (He is watching TV.)
    • to make the passive (Small fish are eaten by big fish.)

  • have
    • to make perfect tenses (I have finished my homework.)

  • do
    • to make negatives (I do not like you.)
    • to ask questions (Do you want some coffee?)
    • to show emphasis (I do want you to pass your exam.)
    • to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than she does.)

Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)

We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal verbs:

  • can, could
  • may, might
  • will, would,
  • shall, should
  • must
  • ought to

Here are examples using modal verbs:

  • I can't speak Chinese.
  • John may arrive late.
  • Would you like a cup of coffee?
  • You should see a doctor.
  • I really must go now.

Semi-modal verbs (3 verbs)
The following verbs are often called "semi-modals" because they are partly like modal helping verbs and partly like main verbs:

  • need
  • dare
  • used to

Main Verbs

Main verbs are also called "lexical verbs".

Main verbs have meaning on their own (unlike helping verbs). There are thousands of main verbs, and we can classify them in several ways:

Transitive and intransitive verbs

A transitive verb takes a direct object: Somebody killed the President. An intransitive verb does not have a direct object: He died. Many verbs, like speak, can be transitive or intransitive. Look at these examples:

transitive:

  • I saw an elephant.
  • We are watching TV.
  • He speaks English.

intransitive:

  • He has arrived.
  • John goes to school.
  • She speaks fast.

Linking verbs

A linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the subject to what is said about the subject. Usually, a linking verb shows equality (=) or a change to a different state or place (>). Linking verbs are always intransitive (but not all intransitive verbs are linking verbs).

  • Mary is a teacher. (mary = teacher)
  • Tara is beautiful. (tara = beautiful)
  • That sounds interesting. (that = interesting)
  • The sky became dark. (the sky > dark)
  • The bread has gone bad. (bread > bad)

Dynamic and stative verbs

Some verbs describe action. They are called "dynamic", and can be used with continuous tenses. Other verbs describe state (non-action, a situation). They are called "stative", and cannot normally be used with continuous tenses (though some of them can be used with continuous tenses with a change in meaning).

dynamic verbs (examples):

  • hit, explode, fight, run, go

stative verbs (examples):

  • be
  • like, love, prefer, wish
  • impress, please, surprise
  • hear, see, sound
  • belong to, consist of, contain, include, need
  • appear, resemble, seem

Regular and irregular verbs

This is more a question of vocabulary than of grammar. The only real difference between regular and irregular verbs is that they have different endings for their past tense and past participle forms. For regular verbs, the past tense ending and past participle ending is always the same: -ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart.

regular verbs: base, past tense, past participle

  • look, looked, looked
  • work, worked, worked

irregular verbs: base, past tense, past participle

  • buy, bought, bought
  • cut, cut, cut
  • do, did, done

One way to think of regular and irregular verbs is like this: all verbs are irregular and the so-called regular verbs are simply one very large group of irregular verbs.

Often the above divisions can be mixed. For example, one verb could be irregular, transitive and dynamic; another verb could be regular, transitive and stative.

Verb Forms

English verbs come in several forms. For example, the verb to sing can be: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing or sings. This is a total of 6 forms. Not many, considering that some languages (French, for example) have more than 30 forms for an individual verb. English tenses may be quite complicated, but the forms that we use to make the tenses are actually very simple! With the exception of the verb to be, English main verbs have only 4, 5 or 6 forms. To be has 9 forms. Do not confuse verb forms with tenses. We use the different verb forms to make the tenses, but they are not the same thing.

In this lesson we look at the forms of main verbs and helping (auxiliary) verbs, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

Forms of Main Verbs

Main verbs are also called "lexical verbs".

Main verbs (except the verb "be") have only 4, 5 or 6 forms. "Be" has 9 forms.

V1

V2

V3

infinitive

base

past simple

past participle

present participle

present simple, 3rd person singular

regular

(to) work

work

worked

worked

working

works

irregular

(to) sing
(to) make
(to) cut

sing
make
cut

sang
made
cut

sung
made
cut

singing
making
cutting

sings
makes
cuts

(to) do*
(to) have*

do
have

did
had

done
had

doing
having

does
has

infinitive

base

past simple

past participle

present participle

present simple

(to) be*

be

was, were

been

being

am, are, is

In the above examples:

  • to cut has 4 forms: to cut, cut, cutting, cuts
  • to work has 5 forms: to work, work, worked, working, works
  • to sing has 6 forms: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing, sings
  • to be has 9 forms: to be, be, was, were, been, being, am, is, are

The infinitive can be with or without to. For example, to sing and sing are both infinitives. We often call the infinitive without to the "bare infinitive".

At school, students usually learn by heart the base, past simple and past participle (sometimes called V1, V2, V3, meaning Verb 1, Verb 2, Verb 3) for the irregular verbs. They may spend many hours chanting: sing, sang, sung; go, went, gone; have, had, had; etc. They do not learn these for the regular verbs because the past simple and past participle are always the same: they are formed by adding "-ed" to the base. They do not learn the present participle and 3rd person singular present simple by heart—for another very simple reason: they never change. The present participle is always made by adding "-ing" to the base, and the 3rd person singular present simple is always made by adding "s" to the base (though there are some variations in spelling).

* Note that "do", "have" and "be" also function as helping or auxiliary verbs, with exactly the same forms (except that as helping verbs they are never in infinitive form).

Example Sentences

These example sentences use main verbs in different forms.

Infinitive

  • I want to work
  • He has to sing.
  • This exercise is easy to do.
  • Let him have one.
  • To be, or not to be, that is the question:

Base - Imperative

  • Work well!
  • Make this.
  • Have a nice day.
  • Be quiet!

Base - Present simple
(except 3rd person singular)

  • I work in London.
  • You sing well.
  • They have a lot of money.

Base - After modal auxiliary verbs

  • I can work tomorrow.
  • You must sing louder.
  • They might do it.
  • You could be right.

Past simple

  • I worked yesterday.
  • She cut his hair last week.
  • They had a good time.
  • They were surprised, but I was not.

Past participle

  • I have worked here for five years.
  • He needs a folder made of plastic.
  • It is done like this.
  • I have never been so happy.

Present participle

  • I am working.
  • Singing well is not easy.
  • Having finished, he went home.
  • You are being silly!

3rd person singular, present simple

  • He works in London.
  • She sings well.
  • She has a lot of money.
  • It is Vietnamese.

Forms of Helping Verbs

Helping verbs are also called "auxiliary verbs".

All helping verbs are used with a main verb (either expressed or understood*). There are 2 groups of helping verbs:

  • Primary helping verbs, used mainly to change the tense or voice of the main verb, and in making questions and negatives.
  • Modal helping verbs, used to change the "mood" of the main verb.

Study the table below. It shows the prinicipal forms and uses of helping verbs, and explains the differences between primary and modal helping verbs.

* Sometimes we make a sentence that has a helping verb and seems to have no main verb. In fact, the main verb is "understood". Look at the following examples:

  • Question: Can you speak English? (The main verb speak is "expressed".)
  • Answer: Yes, I can. (The main verb speak is not expressed. It is "understood" from the context. We understand: Yes, I can speak English.

But if somebody walked into the room and said "Hello. I can", we would understand nothing!

Helping Verbs

Primary

Modal

do

(to make simple tenses, and questions and negatives)

can

could

be

(to make continuous tenses, and the passive voice)

may

might

have

(to make perfect tenses)

will

would

shall

should

must

ought (to)

"Do", "be" and "have" as helping verbs have exactly the same forms as when they are main verbs (except that as helping verbs they are never used in infinitive forms).

Modal helping verbs are invariable. They always have the same form.

Primary helping verbs are followed by the main verb in a particular form:

  • do + V1 (base verb)
  • be + -ing (present participle)
  • have + V3 (past participle)

"Ought" is followed by the main verb in infinitive form. Other modal helping verbs are followed by the main verb in its base form (V1).

  • ought + to... (infinitive)
  • other modals + V1 (base verb)

"Do", "be" and "have" can also function as main verbs.

Modal helping verbs cannot function as main verbs.

Tenses

Many English learners worry too much about tense. If you stopped 100 native English speakers in the street and asked them about tense, one of them might give you an intelligent answer—if you were lucky. The other 99 would know little about terms like "past perfect" or "present continuous". And they would know nothing about aspect, voice or mood. But they can all speak fluent English and communicate effectively. Of course, for ESL it helps to know about tenses, but don't become obsessed with them. Be like those native speakers! Speak naturally!

The English Tense System

The links below are to lessons for each of the 12 basic tenses. In each lesson we look at two aspects of the tense:

  • Structure: How do we make the tense?
  • Use: When and why do we use the tense?

Some lessons look at additional aspects, and most of them finish with a quiz to check your understanding.

Present Tense
I do do, I do
Present Continuous Tense
I am doing, I am doing tomorrow
Present Perfect Tense
I have done
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
I have been doing

Past Tense
I did do, I did
Past Continuous Tense
I was doing
Past Perfect Tense
I had done
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
I had been doing

Future Tense
I will do
Future Continuous Tense
I will be doing
Future Perfect Tense
I will have done
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
I will have been doing






English Tense System

In some languages, verb tenses are not very important or do not even exist. In English, the concept of tense is very important.

In this lesson we look at the idea behind tense, how to avoid confusing tense with time, and the structure of the basic tenses, with examples using a regular verb, an irregular verb and the verb be.

What is Tense?

tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time).

Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time—past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.

So, we talk about time in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but:

  • we can also talk about time without using tenses (for example, going to is a special construction to talk about the future, it is not a tense)
  • one tense does not always talk about one time (see Tense & Time for more about this)

Here are some of the terms used in discussing verbs and tenses.

Mood

indicative mood expresses a simple statement of fact, which can be positive (affirmative) or negative

  • I like coffee.
  • I do not like coffee.

interrogative mood expresses a question

  • Why do you like coffee?

imperative mood expresses a command

  • Sit down!

subjunctive mood expresses what is imagined or wished or possible

  • The President ordered that he attend the meeting.

Voice

Voice shows the relationship of the subject to the action. In the active voice, the subject does the action (cats eat mice). In the passive voice, the subject receives the action (mice are eaten by cats). Among other things, we can use voice to help us change the focus of attention.

Aspect

Aspect expresses a feature of the action related to time, such as completion or duration. Present simple and past simple tenses have no aspect, but if we wish we can stress with other tenses that:

  • the action or state referred to by the verb is completed (and often still relevant), for example:
    I have emailed the report to Jane. (so now she has the report)
    (This is called perfective aspect, using perfect tenses.)
  • the action or state referred to by the verb is in progress or continuing (that is, uncompleted), for example:
    We are eating.
    (This is called progressive aspect, using progressive [continuous] tenses.)

Tense & Time

It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time.

For example, a present tense does not always refer to present time:

  • I hope it rains tomorrow.
    "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow)

Or a past tense does not always refer to past time:

  • If I had some money now, I could buy it.
    "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now)

The following examples show how different tenses can be used to talk about different times.

TENSE

TIME

past

present

future

Present Simple

I want a coffee.

I leave tomorrow.

She

likes

coffee.

Present Continuous

I am having dinner.

I am taking my exam next month.

They

are

living

in

London.

Present Perfect Simple

I have seen ET.

I have finished.

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been playing tennis.

We have been working for four hours.

Past Simple

I finished one hour ago.

If she loved you now, she would marry you.

If you came tomorrow, you would see her.

Past Continuous

I was working at 2am this morning.

Past Perfect Simple

I had not eaten for 24 hours.

Past Perfect Continuous

We had been working for 3 hours.

If I had been working now, I would have missed you.

If I had been working tomorrow, I could not have agreed.

Future Simple

Hold on. I'll do it now.

I'll see you tomorrow.

Future Continuous

I will be working at 9pm tonight.

Future Perfect Simple

I will have finished by 9pm tonight.

We will have been married for ten years next month.

Future Perfect Continuous

They may be tired when you arrive because they will have been working.

In 30 minutes, we will have been working for four hours

Basic Tenses

For past and present, there are 2 simple tenses + 6 complex tenses (using auxiliary verbs). To these, we can add 4 "modal tenses" for the future (using modal auxiliary verbs will/shall). This makes a total of 12 tenses in the active voice. Another 12 tenses are available in the passive voice. So now we have 24 tenses.

24 Tenses

past

present

future*

ACTIVE

simple tenses

past

present

future

complex tenses
formed with
auxiliary verbs

past perfect

present perfect

future perfect

past continuous

present continuous

future continuous

past perfect continuous

present perfect continuous

future perfect continuous

PASSIVE

past

present

future

past perfect

present perfect

future perfect

past continuous

present continuous

future continuous

past perfect continuous

present perfect continuous

future perfect continuous

Some grammar books use the word progressive instead of continuous. They are exactly the same.

The use of tenses in English may be quite complicated, but the structure of English tenses is actually very simple. The basic structure for a positive sentence is:

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

An auxiliary verb is used in all tenses. (In the simple present and simple past tenses, the auxiliary verb is usually suppressed for the affirmative, but it does exist for intensification.) The following table shows the 12 tenses for the verb to work in the active voice.

structure

past

present

future*

auxiliary

main verb

simple

normal

I worked

I work

I will work

intensive

do

base

I did work

I do work

perfect

have

past participle

I had worked

I have worked

I will have worked

continuous

be

present participle -ing

I was working

I am working

I will be working

continuous perfect

have been

present participle -ing

I had been working

I have been working

I will have been working

* Technically, there are no future tenses in English. The word will is a modal auxiliary verb and future tenses are sometimes called "modal tenses". The examples are included here for convenience and comparison.

Basic Tenses: Regular Verb

This page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).

The basic structure is:

positive:

+

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

negative:

-

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb

question:

?

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:

base verb

past

past participle

present participle -ing

work

worked

worked

working

past

present

future

SIMPLE
do + base verb
(except future:
will + base verb)

+

I did work
I worked

I do work
I work

I will work

-

I did not work

I do not work

I will not work

?

Did I work?

Do I work?

Will I work?

SIMPLE PERFECT
have + past participle

+

I had worked

I have worked

I will have worked

-

I had not worked

I have not worked

I will not have worked

?

Had I worked?

Have I worked?

Will I have worked?

CONTINUOUS
be + ing

+

I was working

I am working

I will be working

-

I was not working

I am not working

I will not be working

?

Was I working?

Am I working?

Will I be working?

CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + ing

+

I had been working

I have been working

I will have been working

-

I had not been working

I have not been working

I will not have been working

?

Had I been working?

Have I been working?

Will I have been working?

Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb

This page shows the basic tenses with the irregular verb sing. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).

The basic structure is:

positive:

+

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

negative:

-

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb

question:

?

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:

base verb

past

past participle

present participle -ing

sing

sang

sung

singing

past

present

future

SIMPLE
do + base verb
(except future:
will + base verb)

+

I did sing
I sang

I do sing
I sing

I will sing

-

I did not sing

I do not sing

I will not sing

?

Did I sing?

Do I sing?

Will I sing?

SIMPLE PERFECT
have + past participle

+

I had sung

I have sung

I will have sung

-

I had not sung

I have not sung

I will not have sung

?

Had I sung?

Have I sung?

Will I have sung?

CONTINUOUS
be + -ing

+

I was singing

I am singing

I will be singing

-

I was not singing

I am not singing

I will not be singing

?

Was I singing?

Am I singing?

Will I be singing?

CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + -ing

+

I had been singing

I have been singing

I will have been singing

-

I had not been singing

I have not been singing

I will not have been singing

?

Had I been singing?

Have I been singing?

Will I have been singing?

The basic structure of tenses for regular verbs and irregular verbs is exactly the same (except to be). The only difference is that with regular verbs the past and past participle are always the same (worked, worked), while with irregular verbs the past and past participle are not always the same (sang, sung). But the structure is the same! It will help you a great deal to really understand that.

Basic Tenses: Be

This page shows the basic tenses with the verb be. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).

The basic structure is:

positive:

+

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

negative:

-

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb

question:

?

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

But for simple past and simple present tenses, the structure is not the same. In fact, it's even easier. There is no auxiliary verb. Here is the structure:

positive:

+

subject + main verb

negative:

-

subject + main verb + not

question:

?

main verb + subject

These are the forms of the main verb be that we use to construct the tenses:

base

past simple

past participle

present participle

present simple

be

was, were

been

being

am, are, is

past

present

future

SIMPLE
present simple or past simple
(except future: will + be)

+

I was

I am

I will be

-

I was not

I am not

I will not be

?

Was I?

Am I?

Will I be?

SIMPLE PERFECT
have + been

+

I had been

I have been

I will have been

-

I had not been

I have not been

I will not have been

?

Had I been?

Have I been?

Will I have been?

CONTINUOUS
be + being

+

I was being

I am being

I will be being

-

I was not being

I am not being

I will not be being

?

Was I being?

Am I being?

Will I be being?

CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + being

+

I had been being

I have been being

I will have been being

-

I had not been being

I have not been being

I will not have been being

?

Had I been being?

Have I been being?

Will I have been being?

In the following table, we see be conjugated for 12 basic tenses.

SIMPLE

past

present

future

singular

I

was

am

will be

you

were

are

will be

he/she/it

was

is

will be

plural

we

were

are

will be

you

were

are

will be

they

were

are

will be

PERFECT

past

present

future

singular

I

had been

have been

will have been

you

had been

have been

will have been

he/she/it

had been

has been

will have been

plural

we

had been

have been

will have been

you

had been

have been

will have been

they

had been

have been

will have been

CONTINUOUS

past

present

future

singular

I

was being

am being

will be being

you

were being

are being

will be being

he/she/it

was being

is being

will be being

plural

we

were being

are being

will be being

you

were being

are being

will be being

they

were being

are being

will be being

CONTINUOUS PERFECT

past

present

future

singular

I

had been being

have been being

will have been being

you

had been being

have been being

will have been being

he/she/it

had been being

has been being

will have been being

plural

we

had been being

have been being

will have been being

you

had been being

have been being

will have been being

they

had been being

have been being

will have been being

Simple Present Tense

I sing

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject

+

auxiliary verb

+

main verb

do

base

There are three important exceptions:

  1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
  2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
  3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like:

subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I, you, we, they

like

coffee.

He, she, it

likes

coffee.

-

I, you, we, they

do

not

like

coffee.

He, she, it

does

not

like

coffee.

?

Do

I, you, we, they

like

coffee?

Does

he, she, it

like

coffee?

Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

subject

main verb

+

I

am

French.

You, we, they

are

French.

He, she, it

is

French.

-

I

am

not

old.

You, we, they

are

not

old.

He, she, it

is

not

old.

?

Am

I

late?

Are

you, we, they

late?

Is

he, she, it

late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:

  • the action is general
  • the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
  • the action is not only happening now
  • the statement is always true

John drives a taxi.

past

present

future


It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.

Look at these examples:

  • I live in New York.
  • The Moon goes round the Earth.
  • John drives a taxi.
  • He does not drive a bus.
  • We do not work at night.
  • Do you play football?

Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense—some of them are general, some of them are now:

Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.

past

present

future


The situation is now.

I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.

past

present

future


The situation is general. Past, present and future.

This page shows the use of the simple present tense to talk about general events. But note that there are some other uses for the simple present tense, for example in conditional or if sentences, or to talk about the future. You will learn about those later.

Present Continuous Tense

I am singing

We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use.

In this lesson we look the structure and use of the present continuous tense, follwed by a quiz to check your understanding:

Continuous tenses are also called progressive tenses. So the present progressive tense is the same as the present continuous tense.

How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?

The structure of the present continuous tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb

+

main verb

be

base + ing

Look at these examples:

subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

am

speaking

to you.

+

You

are

reading

this.

-

She

is

not

staying

in London.

-

We

are

not

playing

football.

?

Is

he

watching

TV?

?

Are

they

waiting

for John?

How do we use the Present Continuous Tense?

We use the present continuous tense to talk about:

  • action happening now
  • action in the future

Present continuous tense for action happening now

a) for action happening exactly now

I am eating my lunch.

past

present

future


The action is happening now.

Look at these examples. Right now you are looking at this screen and at the same time...

...the pages are turning.

...the candle is burning.

...the numbers are spinning.

b) for action happening around now

The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now, and it is not permanent or habitual.

John is going out with Mary.

past

present

future








The action is happening around now.

Look at these examples:

  • Muriel is learning to drive.
  • I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.

Present continuous tense for the future

We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future—if we add a future word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking.

I am taking my exam next month.

past

present

future

!!!


A firm plan or programme exists now.

The action is in the future.

Look at these examples:

  • We're eating in a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table..
  • They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.
  • When are you starting your new job?

In these examples, we have a firm plan or programme before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking.

How do we spell the Present Continuous Tense?

We make the present continuous tense by adding -ing to the base verb. Normally it's simple—we just add -ing. But sometimes we have to change the word a little. Perhaps we double the last letter, or we drop a letter. Here are the rules to help you know how to spell the present continuous tense.

Basic rule

Just add -ing to the base verb:

work

>

working

play

>

playing

assist

>

assisting

see

>

seeing

be

>

being

Exception 1

If the base verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last letter:

s

t

o

p

consonant

stressed
vowel

consonant

(vowels = a, e, i, o, u)

stop

>

stopping

run

>

running

begin

>

beginning

Note that this exception does not apply when the last syllable of the base verb is not stressed:

open

>

opening

Exception 2

If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie to y:

lie

>

lying

die

>

dying

Exception 3

If the base verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e:

come

>

coming

mistake

>

mistaking

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I have been singing

How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb

+

auxiliary verb

+

main verb

have
has

been

base + ing

Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

have

been

waiting

for one hour.

+

You

have

been

talking

too much.

-

It

has

not

been

raining.

-

We

have

not

been

playing

football.

?

Have

you

been

seeing

her?

?

Have

they

been

doing

their homework?

Contractions

When we use the present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and the first auxiliary. We also sometimes do this in informal writing.

I have been

I've been

You have been

You've been

He has been
She has been
It has been
John has been
The car has been

He's been
She's been
It's been
John's been
The car's been

We have been

We've been

They have been

They've been

Here are some examples:

  • I've been reading.
  • The car's been giving trouble.
  • We've been playing tennis for two hours.

How do we use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

This tense is called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense:

1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.

I'm tired because I've been running.

past

present

future


!!!

Recent action.

Result now.

  • I'm tired [now] because I've been running.
  • Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining?
  • You don't understand [now] because you haven't been listening.

2. An action continuing up to now

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.

I have been reading for 2 hours.

past

present

future


Action started in past.

Action is continuing now.

  • I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.]
  • We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.]
  • How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.]
  • We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]

For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.

  • We use for to talk about a period of time—5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
  • We use since to talk about a point in past time—9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

for

since

a period of time

a point in past time


·


20 minutes

6.15pm

three days

Monday

6 months

January

4 years

1994

2 centuries

1800

a long time

I left school

ever

the beginning of time

etc

etc

Here are some examples:

  • I have been studying for 3 hours.
  • I have been watching TV since 7pm.
  • Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
  • Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.
  • He has been playing football for a long time.
  • He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.

For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only.

Simple Past Tense

I sang

The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often.

In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the simple past tense, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

Structure | Use | Quiz

How do we make the Simple Past Tense?

To make the simple past tense, we use:

  • past form only
    or
  • auxiliary did + base form

Here you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs:

V1
base

V2
past

V3
past participle

regular verb

work
explode
like

worked
exploded
liked

worked
exploded
liked

The past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed.

irregular verb

go
see
sing

went
saw
sang

gone
seen
sung

The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart.

You do not need the past participle form to make the simple past tense. It is shown here for completeness only.

The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is:

subject

+

main verb

past

The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb

+

not

+

main verb

did

base

The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is:

auxiliary verb

+

subject

+

main verb

did

base

The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work:

subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

went

to school.

You

worked

very hard.

-

She

did

not

go

with me.

We

did

not

work

yesterday.

?

Did

you

go

to London?

Did

they

work

at home?

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples:

subject

main verb

+

I, he/she/it

was

here.

You, we, they

were

in London.

-

I, he/she/it

was

not

there.

You, we, they

were

not

happy.

?

Was

I, he/she/it

right?

Were

you, we, they

late?

How do we use the Simple Past Tense?

We use the simple past tense to talk about an action or a situation—an event—in the past. The event can be short or long.

Here are some short events with the simple past tense:

The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.
She went to the door.
We did not hear the telephone.
Did you see that car?

past

present

future


The action is in the past.

Here are some long events with the simple past tense:

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.
The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.
We did not sing at the concert.
Did you watch TV last night?

past

present

future


The action is in the past.

Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or seconds in the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long the event is. It can be a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the simple past tense when:

  • the event is in the past
  • the event is completely finished
  • we say (or understand) the time and/or place of the event

In general, if we say the time or place of the event, we must use the simple past tense; we cannot use the present perfect.

Here are some more examples:

  • I lived in that house when I was young.
  • He didn't like the movie.
  • What did you eat for dinner?
  • John drove to London on Monday.
  • Mary did not go to work yesterday.
  • Did you play tennis last week?
  • I was at work yesterday.
  • We were not late (for the train).
  • Were you angry?

Note that when we tell a story, we usually use the simple past tense. We may use the past continuous tense to "set the scene", but we almost always use the simple past tense for the action. Look at this example of the beginning of a story:

"The wind was howling around the hotel and the rain was pouring down. It was cold. The door opened and James Bond entered. He took off his coat, which was very wet, and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down in the corner of the lounge and quietly drank his..."

This page shows the use of the simple past tense to talk about past events. But note that there are some other uses for the simple past tense, for example in conditional or if sentences.

Past Continuous Tense

I was singing

The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.

In this lesson we look at the structure and the use of the past continuouse tense, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

Continuous tenses are also called progressive tenses.

How do we make the Past Continuous Tense?

The structure of the past continuous tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb BE

+

main verb

conjugated in simple past tense

present participle

was
were

base + ing

For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past continuous tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

was

watching

TV.

+

You

were

working

hard.

-

He, she, it

was

not

helping

Mary.

-

We

were

not

joking.

?

Were

you

being

silly?

?

Were

they

playing

football?

How do we use the past continuous tense? »

The spelling rules for adding ing to make the past continuous tense are the same as for the present continuous tense.

How do we use the Past Continuous Tense?

The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm.

At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV.

past

present

future


8pm


At 8pm, I was in the middle of watching TV.

When we use the past continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

  • I was working at 10pm last night.
  • They were not playing football at 9am this morning.
  • What were you doing at 10pm last night?
  • What were you doing when he arrived?
  • She was cooking when I telephoned her.
  • We were having dinner when it started to rain.
  • Ram went home early because it was snowing.

Some verbs cannot be used in continuous/progressive tenses.

We often use the past continuous tense to "set the scene" in stories. We use it to describe the background situation at the moment when the action begins. Often, the story starts with the past continuous tense and then moves into the simple past tense. Here is an example:

" James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."

Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense

We often use the past continuous tense with the simple past tense. We use the past continuous tense to express a long action. And we use the simple past tense to express a short action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while.

In the following example, we have two actions:

  1. long action (watching TV), expressed with past continuous tense
  2. short action (telephoned), expressed with simple past tense

past

present

future

Long action.

I was watching TV at 8pm.


8pm



You telephoned at 8pm.

Short action.

We can join these two actions with when:

  • I was watching TV when you telephoned.

(Notice that "when you telephoned" is also a way of defining the time [8pm].)

We use:

  • when + short action (simple past tense)
  • while + long action (past continuous tense)

There are four basic combinations:

I was walking past the car

when

it exploded.

When

the car exploded

I was walking past it.

The car exploded

while

I was walking past it.

While

I was walking past the car

it exploded.

Notice that the long action and short action are relative.

  • "Watching TV" took a few hours. "Telephoned" took a few seconds.

"Walking past thPast Perfect Tense

I had sung

The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. This tense talks about the "past in the past".

In this lesson we look at:

How do we make the Past Perfect Tense?

The structure of the past perfect tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb HAVE

+

main verb

conjugated in simple past tense

past participle

had

V3

For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

had

finished

my work.

+

You

had

stopped

before me.

-

She

had

not

gone

to school.

-

We

had

not

left.

?

Had

you

arrived?

?

Had

they

eaten

dinner?

When speaking with the past perfect tense, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I had

I'd

you had

you'd

he had
she had
it had

he'd
she'd
it'd

we had

we'd

they had

they'd

The 'd contraction is also used for the auxiliary verb would. For example, we'd can mean:

We had
or

We would

But usually the main verb is in a different form, for example:

We had arrived (past participle)

We would arrive (base)

It is always clear from the context.

How do we use the Past Perfect Tense?

The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:

  • The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

The train had left when we arrived.

past

present

future

Train leaves in past at 9am.

9

9.15



We arrive in past at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

  • I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
  • They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.
  • I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.
  • "Mary wasn't at home when I arrived."
    "Really? Where had she gone?"

You can sometimes think of the past perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.

past perfect tense

present perfect tense

had |
done |
> |

have |
done |
> |



past

now

future

past

now

future

For example, imagine that you arrive at the station at 9.15am. The stationmaster says to you:

  • "You are too late. The train has left."

Later, you tell your friends:

  • "We were too late. The train had left."

We often use the past perfect tense in reported speech after verbs like said, told, asked, thought, wondered:

Look at these examples:

  • He told us that the train had left.
  • I thought I had met her before, but I was wrong.
  • He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.
  • I wondered if I had been there before.
  • I asked them why they had not finished.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

I had been singing

How do we make the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb HAVE

+

auxiliary verb BE

+

main verb

conjugated in simple past tense

past participle

present participle

had

been

base + ing

For negative sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insert not after the first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and first auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect continuous tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

had

been

working.

+

You

had

been

playing

tennis.

-

It

had

not

been

working

well.

-

We

had

not

been

expecting

her.

?

Had

you

been

drinking?

?

Had

they

been

waiting

long?

When speaking with the past perfect continuous tense, we often contract the subject and first auxiliary verb:

I had been

I'd been

you had been

you'd been

he had
she had been
it had been

he'd been
she'd been
it'd been

we had been

we'd been

they had been

they'd been

How do we use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in the past before another action in the past. For example:

  • Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.

Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived.

past

present

future

Ram starts waiting in past at 9am.

9

11



I arrive in past at 11am.

Here are some more examples:

  • John was very tired. He had been running.
  • I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking.
  • Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. It had not been running well for a long time.
  • Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?

You can sometimes think of the past perfect continuous tense like the present perfect continuous tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.

past perfect continuous tense

present perfect continuous tense

had |
been |
doing |
>>>> |

|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|

have |
been |
doing |
>>>> |



past

now

future

past

now

future

For example, imagine that you meet Ram at 11am. Ram says to you:

  • "I am angry. I have been waiting for two hours."

Later, you tell your friends:

  • "Ram was angry. He had been waiting for two hours."

Simple Future Tense

I will sing

The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.

How do we make the Simple Future Tense?

The structure of the simple future tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb WILL

+

main verb

invariable

base

will

V1

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

will

open

the door.

+

You

will

finish

before me.

-

She

will

not

be

at school tomorrow.

-

We

will

not

leave

yet.

?

Will

you

arrive

on time?

?

Will

they

want

dinner?

When we use the simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I will

I'll

you will

you'll

he will
she will
it will

he'll
she'll
it'll

we will

we'll

they will

they'll

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this:

I will not

I won't

you will not

you won't

he will not
she will not
it will not

he won't
she won't
it won't

we will not

we won't

they will not

they won't

How do we use the Simple Future Tense?

No Plan

We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:

  • Hold on. I'll get a pen.
  • We will see what we can do to help you.
  • Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of speaking.

We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it:

  • I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
  • I think I will have a holiday next year.
  • I don't think I'll buy that car.

Prediction

We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples:

  • It will rain tomorrow.
  • People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
  • Who do you think will get the job?

Be

When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:

  • I'll be in London tomorrow.
  • I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
  • Will you be at work tomorrow?

Note that when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use other tenses or expressions, such as the present continuous tense or going to.

Future Continuous Tense

I will be singing

How do we make the Future Continuous Tense?

The structure of the future continuous tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb WILL

+

auxiliary verb BE

+

main verb

invariable

invariable

present participle

will

be

base + ing

For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future continuous tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

will

be

working

at 10am.

+

You

will

be

lying

on a beach tomorrow.

-

She

will

not

be

using

the car.

-

We

will

not

be

having

dinner at home.

?

Will

you

be

playing

football?

?

Will

they

be

watching

TV?

When we use the future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will:

I will

I'll

you will

you'll

he will
she will
it will

he'll
she'll
it'll

we will

we'll

they will

they'll

For spoken negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we contract with won't, like this:

I will not

I won't

you will not

you won't

he will not
she will not
it will not

he won't
she won't
it won't

we will not

we won't

they will not

they won't

We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.

How do we use the Future Continuous Tense?

The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:

At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.

past

present

future


4pm


At 4pm, I will be in the middle of working.

When we use the future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

  • I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.
  • They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
  • What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?
  • What will you be doing when I arrive?
  • She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
  • We 'll be having dinner when the film starts.
  • Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return.

Future Perfect Tense

I will have sung

The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future.

How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?

The structure of the future perfect tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb WILL

+

auxiliary verb HAVE

+

main verb

invariable

invariable

past participle

will

have

V3

Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

will

have

finished

by 10am.

+

You

will

have

forgotten

me by then.

-

She

will

not

have

gone

to school.

-

We

will

not

have

left.

?

Will

you

have

arrived?

?

Will

they

have

received

it?

In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together:

I will have

I'll have

I'll've

you will have

you'll have

you'll've

he will have
she will have
it will have

he'll have
she'll have
it'll have

he'll've
she'll've
it'll've

we will have

we'll have

we'll've

they will have

they'll have

they'll've

We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.

How do we use the Future Perfect Tense?

The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:

  • The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.

The train will have left when you arrive.

past

present

future

Train leaves in future at 9am.

9

9.15



You arrive in future at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

  • You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
  • They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
  • "Mary won't be at home when you arrive."
    "Really? Where will she have gone?"

You can sometimes think of the future perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of your viewpoint being in the present, it is in the future:

present perfect tense

future perfect tense

|
have |
done |
> |

will |
have |
done |
> |



past

now

future

past

now

future

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

I will have been singing

How do we make the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the future perfect continuous tense is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb WILL

+

auxiliary verb HAVE

+

auxiliary verb BE

+

main verb

invariable

invariable

past participle

present participle

will

have

been

base + ing

For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insert not between will and have. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future perfect continuous tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

will

have

been

working

for four hours.

+

You

will

have

been

travelling

for two days.

-

She

will

not

have

been

using

the car.

-

We

will

not

have

been

waiting

long.

?

Will

you

have

been

playing

football?

?

Will

they

have

been

watching

TV?

When we use the future perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I will

I'll

you will

you'll

he will
she will
it will

he'll
she'll
it'll

we will

we'll

they will

they'll

For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we contract with won't, like this:

I will not

I won't

you will not

you won't

he will not
she will not
it will not

he won't
she won't
it won't

we will not

we won't

they will not

they won't

How do we use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some point in the future. Look at these examples:

  • I will have been working here for ten years next week.
  • He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been traveling for 24 hours.